#PLC #DeltaPLC #WPLSoft@Automation design and development 10K SubscribersLearn about basic PLC Ladder Programming using delta wplsoft simulator software with. Ladder Logic is a graphical based industrial programming language used to program and configure Programmable Logic Controllers, or PLC’s. Ladder programs consist of rungs that house instructions. Once compiled and downloaded to a PLC the ladder program is scanned like. Vigor Electric Corp., was established in 1995 in Danshui Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan. Vigor main products: Research and Development、manufacturing and selling. Of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Vigor team integrates technical of R & D talented experts, creativity, experience of production with excellent technical management personnel as well as the expertise and marketing channels.
PLC CBT 1 Modules with PLCLogix 500
- MacroPLC: Ladder Logic Simulator for PLC Programming training, HTML5 based, runs on compatible web-browser. Always free, forever.
- In an effort to make PLCs easy to program, their programming language was designed to resemble ladder logic diagrams. Thus, an industrial electrician or electrical engineer accustomed to reading ladder logic schematics would feel comfortable programming a PLC to perform the same control functions.
Module 1 - Overview of PLCs
This module provides a general overview of PLCs and their application in industry. The origins of the PLC and its evolution are covered in detail. The advantages of PLCs are also outlined, and the main components associated with PLC systems are explored. An introduction to ladder logic is presented and the most common types of PLC signals are covered with an emphasis on practical application.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the purpose of a control panel
- Define a programmable logic controller
- List six factors affecting the original design of PLCs
- Name three advantages of PLCs compared to relay logic systems
- List the three main components in a PLC system
- Understand the term ladder logic
- Describe the application of PLC signals
- Explain the difference between a bit and a word
Module 2 - Central Processing Unit
This module is intended to familiarize the student with the most important aspects of the PLC's central processing unit. Topics covered includememory devices and memory storage, as well as an introduction to data storage and processing. In addition to covering memory utilization and memory mapping,the module also provides detailed information on multiprocessing and PLC scan functions.
Learning Objectives
- Define the term CPU
- Explain the purpose of the executive program
- Understand the application of buses in a CPU
- List two types of CPU diagnostics
- Differentiate between fatal and non-fatal errors
- Explain the advantage of multiprocessing
- Describe the two general classes of memory devices
- Name four types of memory
- Define memory protect
- Explain the purpose of memory utilization and how it applies to PLC systems
- Describe the scan function
Module 3 - I/O System
This module covers all aspects of the Input/Output system for PLCs including discrete, analog, and data I/O. In addition, the module also presents an overview of I/O addressing and an introduction to I/O parameters. Module topics also include the principles of remote I/O and an introduction to scaling and resolution of analog devices and signals.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the purpose of the I/O system
- Describe how I/O addressing is accomplished
- Define discrete inputs
- List four tasks performed by an input module
- Describe the basic operation of a discrete output
- Explain the purpose of data I/O interfaces
- Describe the resolution of an analog I/O module
- List three applications for advanced I/O
- Explain the purpose of remote I/O
Module 4 - Programming Terminals and Peripherals
This module is intended to provide students with an overview of the wide range of programming terminals currently in use and to outline some of the key differences between them. In addition, the module covers topics such as hand-held programming terminals and computer-based software packages. The operation of host computer-based systems is also covered as well as the application of peripheral devices in a PLC network.
Learning Objectives
- Define the term programming terminal
- Describe the purpose of dedicated terminals
- List two types of programming terminals
- Describe the purpose of mini-programmers
- Define computer-based programming terminals
- Differentiate between programming software and documentation software
- Describe the operation of a host computer-based system
- Explain the purpose of peripheral devices
Module 5 - Installation and Maintenance of PLCs
The purpose of this module is to provide the student with a thorough coverage of the various safety precautions, preventative maintenance, and troubleshooting techniques associated with a typical PLC system. In addition, the module also covers proper grounding techniques, sources of electrical interference, and I/O installation techniques. Field checkout and troubleshooting is covered, with an emphasis on practical troubleshooting and problem-solving strategies.
Learning Objectives
- List three safety precautions when installing PLC systems
- Define system layout
- List three safety measures for PLC installations in control panels
- Describe proper grounding techniques for PLCs
- Name three precautions to avoid electrical interference
- Define cross-talk interference
- Explain I/O installation
- Describe the need for I/O documentation
- Define leakage current and explain the purpose of bleeder resistors
- Explain the field checkout of PLC systems
- Provide periodic maintenance for a PLC system
- Troubleshoot PLCs
- Describe redundant PLC architecture
Module 6 - Relay Logic
This module is intended to provide an introduction to relay logic and relay logic diagrams. The basic operating principles of relays are presented as well as detailed information regarding sizing and rating of electromagnetic contactors. Seal-in circuits and their application in control systems is discussed as well as an introduction to timing circuits. In addition, the module covers I/O devices and their application in PLC systems.
Learning Objectives
- Name three types of mechanical switches and three types of proximity switches
- Define inductive arcing and explain how it can be prevented
- Describe the basic operating principle of a control relay
- Explain the purpose of overload relays
- Define the term holding contact
- Differentiate between a control relay and a solenoid
- List three applications of rotary actuators
- Name three types of time delay relays
- Define the term relay logic
Module 7 - Ladder Logic
This module provides an introduction to ladder logic programming techniques using laboratory simulation software. The lab component of the module provides the student with an opportunity to write ladder logic programs and test their operation through PLC simulation. Topics covered in the module include I/O instructions, safety circuitry, programming restrictions and I/O addressing.
Learning Objectives
- Define ladder logic
- Explain the purpose of I/O addresses
- Describe the function of softwiring, branches, and rungs
- Write a ladder logic program
- Run a ladder logic program using lab simulator
- Define the terms examine on and examine off
- Explain the purpose of a latching relay instruction
- Differentiate between an internal output and an actual I/O output
- Describe the operation controller scan
- Name two programming restrictions
- Define nesting
- Explain why safety circuitry is important in ladder logic systems
- List three types of I/O addressing
Module 8 - Timers
This module is intended to provide students with an overview of PLC timers and their application in industrial control circuits. Allen-Bradley timing functions such as TON, TOF, and RTO are discussed in detail and the theory is reinforced through lab projects using lab simulation software. In addition, students will learn practical programming techniques for timers including cascading and reciprocating timing circuits.
Learning Objectives
- Name two types of relay logic timers
- List the four basic types of PLC timers
- Describe the function of a time-driven circuit
- Differentiate between ON-delay and OFF-delay instructions
- Write a ladder logic program using timers
- Describe the operating principle of retentive timers
- Explain the purpose of cascading timers
- Define reciprocating timers
Module 9 - Counters
This module provides students with a broad overview of PLC counters and their application in control systems. Allen-Bradley counting functions such as CTU and CTD are presented in detail and the theory is reinforced through lab projects using lab simulation software. In addition, students will learn practical programming techniques for counters including cascading counters and combining counting and timing circuits.
Learning Objectives
- Name two types of mechanical counters
- Define the two basic types of PLC counters
- Write a ladder logic program using CTU, CTD and RES
- Explain the use of underflow and overflow
- Describe the function of an event-driven circuit
- Design an up/down counter
- Define cascading counters
- Explain the advantages of combining timers and counters
Module 10 - MCR, JUMP, and FORCE Instructions
This module is intended to provide an overview of various zone control techniques and branching instructions. The principles of Master Control Relays are presented with an emphasis on safety considerations and compliance with safety codes and regulations. In addition, the module also provides coverage of subroutines and their application and benefit in complex control problems. Force instructions are presented and demonstrated through lab simulation software. The simulation software also allows the student to program and observe branching operations.
Learning Objectives
- Define master control relay.
- Explain the purpose of a zone of control.
- Describe the function of zone control latch.
- Write a ladder logic program with a subroutine.
- Describe the purpose of first failure annunciators.
- Differentiate between a JSR and a JMP.
- Explain the advantage of using subroutines.
- Use the FORCE instruction for troubleshooting.
Module 11 - Sequencers
This module is designed to provide the student with a clear understanding of the purpose and application of PLC sequencers, both through the theory of operation and through the actual demonstration using lab simulation software. The module will familiarize the learner with masking techniques and the various types of sequencers available including SQO and SQC instructions. In addition, sequencers charts are presented with an emphasis on maintenance and recording of sequencer chart information.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the operation of a mechanical drum controller
- Describe the basic function of a PLC sequencer
- Explain how time-driven sequencers operate
- Describe the operation of event-driven sequencers
- Derive a sequencer chart
- Define the term matrix
- Explain the purpose of masking
- List three types of sequencers
- Write a ladder logic program using SQO and SQC
Module 12 - Data Transfer
This module provides students with an introduction to the principles of data transfer, including bits, words, and arrays. Using lab simulation, various aspects of data transfer will be demonstrated and students will program and observe transfer instructions such as MOV. An introduction to shift registers is also presented with an emphasis on practical applications in industrial control circuits.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the purpose of a move instruction.
- List three basic types of registers.
- Define the term sign bit.
- Explain the operating characteristics of a register-to-register move.
- Differentiate between a file-to-word and a word-to-file move.
- Describe the purpose of a table-to-table move.
- Explain the operation of a shift register.
- Write a ladder logic program using MOV.
- Transfer data between memory locations
Module 13 - Math Functions
This module provides an overview of basic and advanced mathematical functions found in typical PLCs. It provides thorough coverage of data comparison instructions such as EQU, LES, and GRT. In addition, this module provides a foundation for more advanced programming techniques including analog input and output control. Topics such as combining math functions, averaging, scaling and ramping are presented with an emphasis on practical application and are demonstrated using lab simulation.
Learning Objectives
- List three types of data comparison
- Explain the Addition function
- Subtract two numbers using a PLC
- Multiply and divide two numbers
- Define the terms scaling and ramping
- Write a program using LES, GRT, EQU
- Use the Square Root instruction
- Write a program combining math functions
- Describe the purpose of LIM
Module 14 - Process Control
The purpose of this module is to provide the student with a thorough understanding of the various aspects of process control and its application to PLC systems. In addition to open-loop and closed-loop systems, the module also covers advanced closed loop techniques including PID control. Analog I/O devices are presented in detail and tuning parameters for PID control systems is demonstrated through practical examples.
Learning Objectives
- Define the terms process, process variable, and controlled variable
- Name four applications for control systems
- Explain the advantage of using block diagrams
- Describe the function of the setpoint, error signal, and measured value
- Differentiate between open-loop control and closed-loop control
- List the five basic components in a closed-loop control system
- Name the four variables associated with closed-loop control systems
- Define dead time
- Explain the basic principles of On-Off and PID control
- Describe the purpose of feedforward control in process systems
- Define the terms algorithm and flowchart
- Explain the basic principle of fuzzy logic
Module 15 - Data Communications
This module is intended to provide the student with an introduction to networking using PLC systems and peripherals. The principles of data highways are discussed using windows platform and Allen-Bradley hardware and programming software. In addition, an introduction to ethernet and network switching is also presented as well as detailed descriptions of topology and the application of token passing in a data highway. The module also provides an overview of transmission media including fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted pair cable.
Learning Objectives
- Define the term data highway.
- Describe the term protocol as it applies to PLC systems.
- Explain the principle of token passing.
- Name two types of topology.
- List four factors affecting transmission media.
- Describe the two types of bandwidth used in data highway systems.
- Define response time.
- Explain proprietary networks.
- Describe the purpose of Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP).
- Name the seven MAP layers.
- List three advantages of using Ethernet.
- Explain the purpose of network switching.
Module 16 - Number Systems and Codes
This module is designed to provide the student with a thorough understanding of the various number systems used by PLCs and their application in industrial control. The module covers binary numbers and codes including BCD, Octal, and hexadecimal. In addition, the module also demonstrates through lab simulation how number systems are manipulated by the PLC's processor. Topics also covered in the module include negative binary numbers, parity bit, Gray code, and ASCII.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the operation of the binary number system
- Express a negative number in binary form
- Differentiate between least-significant and most-significant bit
- Add and subtract binary numbers
- Multiply and divide binary numbers
- Convert binary numbers to decimal, and decimal to binary
- Count using octal and hexadecimal number systems
- Write a program using number system conversion
- Differentiate between natural binary and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
- Describe the purpose of parity bit, Gray code and ASCII code
Module 17 - Digital Logic
This module provides a thorough treatment of digital logic and its application in PLC programming and control. Boolean algebra and the theorems associated with it are presented and demonstrated through a series of programming examples. In addition, the student will become adept at converting digital logic to ladder logic and will apply DeMorgan's theorem to increase circuit efficiency and reduce redundancy.
Learning Objectives
- Apply truth tables to troubleshooting digital circuits
- List five logic gates
- Describe the basic operation of an inverter
- Explain the purpose of Boolean algebra
- Apply logic gate combinations to PLC control
- Convert digital logic to ladder logic
- Name eight Boolean theorems
- Apply DeMorgan's theorem to ladder logic circuits
Module 18 - RTUs & PACs
This module is designed to cover the fundamentals of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs). The four types of connections used for interfacing with field devices are demonstrated, with an emphasis on practical application. A discussion of RTU architecture, communications and practical applications is presented. In addition, an overview of PACs and a comparison of PAC and RTU functionality is described and the differences between PLC and PACs are also highlighted. The main features of DNP3 protocols are introduced, and a discussion of alarm management and its application in RTUs and PACs is also included.
Learning Objectives
- Differentiate between an RTU and a PAC.
- List the four types of RTU connections for interfacing to field devices.
- Identify 7 specifications for selecting an RTU.
- Define the communications protocol DNP3.
- Describe the layers of the Enhanced Performance Architecture.
- Name four common uses for RTUs in industrial applications.
- Explain the main differences between RTUs and PLCs.
- Define Alarm Management and explain its use in RTU systems.
- Identify the five components in an Intelligent Electronic Device.
- Name three differences between PACs and PLCs.
- List the five main characteristics of a PAC.
Module 19 - Introduction to Automation
This module provides a general overview of automation systems and the role of automation in industry. It also covers the basic principles of flexible automation and flexible manufacturing systems. The advantages of automation are outlined, and the main components associated with automation systems are explored. An introduction to automation simulation is presented with an emphasis on practical application.
Learning Objectives
- Define the term automation.
- List three advantages of using automation systems.
- Name six factors affecting the original design of PLCs.
- Describe the role of automation in industry.
- Define flexible automation.
- Differentiate between economy of scale and economy of scope.
- List three examples of continuous flow processes.
- Describe the purpose of a flexible manufacturing system.
- Explain the difference between DCS, RCS and CCS.
- Define automation simulation and explain its advantages.
While analizing the process that you have to automate you always have many conditions to respect for the safeness of the equipments, of the operators and of the process itself.
What is an Alarm
An alarm is a condition of non-safe state of the machine.
Depending on the impact on the process, it can be:
- Blocking
- Not blocking
An alarm can be connected to an input sensor, but it’s never the sensor itself; alarms are generally stored in words (16-bits registers) and displayed in the HMI, as well as used in the program as conditions to grant the safeness of the process.
What is interlocked equipment
Interlocked equipment, like motors or valves, is an equipment that has a protection circuit (real or logic) that interdicts the activation of the equipment if at least one danger condition is met.
Alarms with ladder logic
When i write alarms and interlocks i always use the same structure, that consists in many words where every bit corresponds to an alarm; this structure is almost a standard for many operators panel and has many good points but some drawbacks too (a drawback is that you can analize block of alarms comparing and masking entire words, that can be cheaper to write, but harder to understand when reading or debugging).
This is a basic sample on how i write an alarm block:
When writing alarms in this way the first segment must be always the reset block. This because even if you reset all the alarms pushing the reset button, if one fault condition is active, the alarm will be setted again few segments later, resulting in a still active alarm at the end of the program.
The last part is a recap of all alarms, really useful while debuggin because you can notice instantly what’s going on just by watching 1 segment.
The first bit of the word alarm has been chosen as “no active alarms” because usually:
- Alarms starts from number 1 and continues, so it’s no use to have an offset among alarms and bits
- This bits triggers all the alarms-screens and alerts on HMI and scada.
This is just a basic explanation, but you can find a more detailed explanation about fault logic here: http://www.contactandcoil.com/rslogix-5000-tutorial/create-fault-logic/
Writing interlocked equipment in ladder logic:
Once you detected the fault conditions for your plant, you should use alarms and other conditions inside interlocks to avoid dangerous operations.
I usually write outputs logic and interlocks in this way:
Plc Online Simulator
Same as alarms, interlocks must be above the segment that declares the output coil condition and the interlock bit should include every condition that stops the motor.
A common strategy that peoples uses when outputs grows in number is to have a block dedicated to interlocks that comes exactly before the block dedicated to output, like this:
When writing interlocks in this way debugging become really easy, because you can just navigate with 1 or 2 clicks of the mouse to the cause of interlock without having to analize a lot of logic.
You can download a sample application for RsLogix 500 here: https://www.mesta-automation.com/Downloads/alarms%20and%20interlocks.rar
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